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with the issues involved in the management of salmon fishing. farming and ranching and the implications for production costs and the availa­ bility of supplies. Chapters 6 and 7 investigate processing. marketing and distribution and Chapter 8 discusses the workings of salmon markets and the main factors affecting the demand for salmon. Finally. chapter 9 summarises the main findings of the study and considers the issues likely to define the future of the industry. The main interest of the book is in salmon sold commer­ cially and mention is only made in passing of the rather different. though important. issues involved in the management of sport or recreation fisheries. This book does not cover all species of salmon but concentrates on the main species of current commercial significance. These are the five commercially important species of Pacific salmon all of which belong to the single separate genus ONCORHYNCHUS together with SALMO SALAR. the Atlantic salmon. The related SALMO GAIRDNERI (rainbow trout) and SALMO TRUTTA (brown troutl seatrout) are outside the scope of the book. although since these compete closely with salmon. the relationship is discussed. 1.2 THE SALMON: LIFE CYCLE AND SPECIES The family salmonidae is indigenous to the Northern Hemisphere and is found from the temperate zone northwards to beyond the Arctic Circle. 1n both Pacific and Atlantic waters. They are not· native to the Southern Hemisphere but have been successfully introduced into New Zealand. into Argentina. Venezuela and more recently Chile and the Kerguelen Islands.

Contents

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Outline of the Book.- 1.2 The Salmon: Life Cycle and Species.- 1.3 Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar).- 1.4 The Pacific Salmons.- 1.5 Fishing Methods.- 1.6 Artificial Enhancement and Ranching.- 1.7 Salmon Farming.- 1.8 Handling and Processing.- Further Reading.- 2 Markets, Supplies and Trading Patterns.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Salmon Supplies.- 2.3 Disposition of the Catch.- 2.4 The Markets for Canned Salmon.- 2.5 The Markets for Fresh, Frozen and Smoked Salmon.- 2.6 Smoked Salmon.- 2.7 Salmon Roe and Other Products.- 2.8 Summary.- Notes.- Further Reading.- 3 The Management of the Wild Resource.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Common Resource in Public Fisheries.- 3.3 Historic Rights and Sectional Interests.- 3.4 Management Conflicts and the Management Problem.- 3.5 The Management of Public Salmon Fisheries.- 3.6 Alternative Management Systems.- 3.7 International Issues.- 3.8 The Sport Fisheries.- 3.9 Overview.- Notes.- Further Reading.- 4 Salmon Enhancement and Ranching.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Current Status of Salmon Enhancement.- 4.3 Present Development of Salmon Ranching.- 4.4 The Release and Return Model.- 4.5 Hatchery and Release Operations.- 4.6 Returns and Harvests.- 4.7 Capital and Operating Cost Characteristics.- 4.8 The Build-up to Production.- 4.9 Constraints.- 4.10 Longer Term Developments.- References.- Further Reading.- 5 Salmon Aquaculture.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Salmon Aquaculture Production.- 5.3 Methods of Production.- 5.4 Management of Production Processes.- 5.5 Capital Costs of Production.- 5.6 Operating Costs of Production.- 5.7 System and Scale Effects.- 5.8 Returns, Risk and Investment.- 5.9 Constraints to the Development of Production.- 5.10 Summary.- References.- Further Reading.- 6 Processing Salmon.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Freshand Frozen Salmon.- 6.3 Salmon Canning.- 6.4 Relationships between Fishing, Farming and Processing.- 6.5 Salmon Curing.- 6.6 Summary, Conclusions and Future Dimensions of Structural Change in Processing.- Notes.- Further Reading.- 7 Distribution Channels and the Marketing of Salmon.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Institutions.- 7.3 Channel Length.- 7.4 Relationships in Marketing Channels.- 7.5 Marketing, the Marketing Channel and the Final Consumer.- 7.6 New Product Developments and the Marketing Channel.- 7.7 Summary.- Notes.- Further Reading.- 8 Salmon Markets and the Demand for Salmon.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The Workings of Salmon Markets.- 8.3 The Demand for Salmon: Demand Analysis and Price Elasticities.- 8.4 Salmon Markets in the 1990s.- 8.5 Summary.- Notes.- References.- 9 Summary and Overview.- 9.1 Outline.- 9.2 The Salmons.- 9.3 Fresh and Frozen Salmon.- 9.4 Canned Salmon.- 9.5 Smoked Salmon.- 9.6 Distribution and Marketing.- 9.7 Supply Issues and the Future Development of the Industry.- 9.8 External Influences and the Shape of the Industry.- 9.9 The Future Structure of the Salmon Industry.- 9.10 Conclusions.