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Full Description

Aquaculture pond managers measure water-quality variables and attempt to maintain them within optimal ranges for shrimp and fish, but surprisingly little attention is paid to pond soil condition. Soil-water interactions can strongly impact water quality, and soil factors should be considered in aquaculture pond management. The importance of soils in pond management will be illustrated with an example from pond fertilization and another from aeration. Pond fertilization may not produce phytoplankton blooms in acidic ponds. Total alkalinity is too low to provide adequate carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, and acidic soils adsorb phosphate added in fertilizer before phytoplankton can use it. Agricultural lime­ stone application can raise total alkalinity and neutralize soil acidity. The amount of limestone necessary to cause these changes in a pond depends on the base unsaturation and exchange acidity of the bottom soil. Two ponds with the same total alkalinity and soil pH may require vastly different quantities of limestone because they differ in exchange acidity. Aeration enhances dissolved oxygen concentrations in pond water and permits greater feed inputs to enhance fish or shrimp production. As feeding rates are raised, organic matter accumulates in pond soils. In ponds with very high feeding rates, aeration may supply enough dissolved oxygen in the water column for fish or shrimp, but it may be impossible to maintain aerobic conditions in the surface layers of pond soil. Toxic metabolites produced by microorganisms in anaerobic soils may enter the pond water and harm fish or shrimp.

Contents

1. Soils in Pond Aquaculture.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Pond Soils.- 1.3 Critical Soil Properties.- 1.4 Reactions and Processes.- 1.5 Soils and Aquacultural Production.- 1.6 Pond Soil Management.- 1.7 Pond Soil Analysis.- 1.8 Prospectus.- 2. Physical, Chemical, and Mineralogical Properties of Soils.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Soil.- 2.3 Particle Size in Soils.- 2.4 Organic Matter.- 2.5 Soil Density and Pore Space.- 2.6 Soil Water.- 2.7 Gases.- 2.8 Soil Colloids.- 2.9 Color.- 2.10 Ion Exchange.- 2.11 Acidity.- 2.12 Soil pH.- 2.13 Soil Classification.- 2.14 Soil Maps.- 2.15 Pond Soils.- 3. Soil Nutrients.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Soil Solution.- 3.3 Chemical Equilibrium.- 3.4 Macronutrient Cations.- 3.5 Bicarbonate and Carbonate.- 3.6 Nitrogen.- 3.7 Sulfur.- 3.8 Phosphorus.- 3.9 Silicon.- 3.10 Micronutrient Cations.- 3.11 Micronutrient Anions.- 3.12 Nutrient Concentrations in Pond Soils.- 4. Exchange of Dissolved Substances between Soil and Water.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Exchange Between Soil Particles and Water.- 4.3 Transport of Dissolved Substances.- 4.4 Examples of Exchange Phenomena in Ponds.- 5. Soil Organic Matter and Aerobic Respiration.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Microbial Physiology.- 5.3 Biochemical Compounds.- 5.4 Soil Organic Matter.- 5.5 Soil Respiration.- 5.6 Organic Matter Concentrations.- 6. Soil Organic Matter, Anaerobic Respiration, and Oxidation—Reduction.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Oxidation—Reduction Reactions.- 6.3 Oxidation—Reduction Potential.- 6.4 Anaerobic Respiration.- 6.5 Reduced Soils.- 7. Sediment.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Sources of Sediment.- 7.3 Principles of Sedimentation.- 7.4 Sediment Control.- 8. Relationships to Aquatic Animal Production.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Flora and Fauna.- 8.3 Soil Condition and Fish Production.- 8.4 Effects ofAquatic Animals on the Soil.- 9. Pond Bottom Management.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Liming.- 9.3 Bottom Soil Sterilization.- 9.4 Oxidation of Bottom Soil.- 9.5 Sediment.- 9.6 Summary.- 10. Pond Bottom Soil Analyses.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Soil Samples.- 10.3 Soil Moisture: Gravimetric Analysis of Water Content.- 10.4 Particle Size and Texture: Hydrometer Method.- 10.5 Bulk Density, Particle Density, and Porosity.- 10.6 Organic Matter.- 10.7 Soil Respiration.- 10.8 Soil pH and Lime Requirement.- 10.9 Nutrients.